A Moral Inconsistency?
A friend of mine once told me that he thought he had observed a contradiction that applied to most vegetarians. As a near-vegan myself, I was interested to what he thought. He explained that vegetarians tend to be animal-lovers, and animal-lovers tend to own pets, but the owning of companion animals seems to go against the vegetarian (or at least, the vegan) philosophy, since those animals are being controlled and maybe exploited for human benefit. Even though my family owns two cats (one is skinny and orange and the other is pudgy and grey – they are basically the yin and yang of cats), I agreed with parts of this almost immediately, which might have surprised my friend a bit (because people are used to even the most legitimate criticism being met with some defensiveness).
I do think there’s an argument to be made against the keeping of pets (think caged birds, fish, and rodents), but to me, the reason why it was okay for my family to own cats was because they were from a shelter – that is, because there are so many unwanted cats in my area, if we hadn’t adopted ours, they probably would have been euthanized (or other cats would have been in their place). As such, I think it’s reasonable to argue that they are better off because we own them, and the fact that we enjoy owning them is just icing. But this sort of situation highlights an interesting moral question.
Animal-Lovers vs. Animal Welfare Enthusiasts
Lots of people identify as animal-lovers, probably nearly everyone who owns a pet, for instance. But far fewer people are broadly concerned with moral and philosophical issues around animal rights and animal cruelty, which I find a little confusing, since you’d think those things would go together. I believe the difference is a classic separation between intuition and conscious rational thought, which we see all the time in issues of critical thinking.
Animal-loving is an intuition that people either have or don’t have – for example, you can’t rationally persuade someone to become a ‘cat person’ (although you might be able to change their perspective by increasing their exposure to cats). Animal welfare enthusiasm is more likely to result from critical thinking and philosophy – in theory, you can persuade someone to change their position on animal rights, and many scholars have written argumentative papers on exactly that (e.g. Peter Singer). You can have an animal welfare enthusiast who isn’t an animal-lover (e.g. a person who becomes a vegetarian not because they love animals, but because they hate plants – HAHA! – or seriously, because they think it benefits society as a whole, not because they experience an emotional reaction to the idea of livestock being mistreated), and that’s fine, but I think animal-lovers who are not animal welfare enthusiasts can create all kinds of problems.
For instance, it is often these people who will facilitate ‘backyard-breeding’ (either on purpose, or by simply failing to spay or neuter their pet) because they find baby animals particularly appealing. I have no doubt that such people love their pets (and are unlikely to participate in overt physical abuse), but they don’t seem to realize that, in a world where there are already hundreds of unwanted pets at any given time in any sizable city, any kitten born takes up a ‘spot’ in a home which could have gone to another cat (who will probably be euthanized now). They also create the demand for specialized breeds and exotic pets, which can lead to all sorts of problems with capture, transport, caging, and breeding, such as medical issues for purebred and inbred animals who lack genetic diversity. In my opinion, it’s not particularly ethical to demand additional companion animals until the existing population is under control. Although most of us intuitively know that it’s wrong to mistreat an animal who is right in front of us, few of us seem to rationally acknowledge that our (seemingly innocent) actions can lead to animal cruelty indirectly.
Should Cats and Dogs Be Vegetarian?
This is a controversial question, but it fits right in with the contrast between animal-lovers and animal welfare enthusiasts. On average, cats and dogs are naturally more affectionate pets than herbivores like rabbits and birds – I think because being at the top of the food web and their lack of predators has left them with less genetic propensity to be skittish or timid. But for people who are both animal-lovers and animal welfare enthusiasts, it seems natural to want to reconcile their affection for cats and dogs with their desire to avoid causing cruelty to livestock animals (especially since the pet food industry may have even worse standards for treatment than the meat industry as a whole).
The reaction to this idea, from the general public, has been very negative (see this article and this post). Some of it is absolutely understandable, since there are examples of people nearly killing their pet by putting it on a vegan diet. To an animal-lover, this is unacceptable and ignorant, and vegans are already a disliked group, so you get plenty of comments about ‘forcing ideologies’ onto pets. I think it’s particularly easy for people to say “I’m a true animal-lover and would never do that to my pet” and use that to distance themselves from vegans and leave their own dietary choices with regards to mainstream meat unexamined.
But if we step into the shoes of animal welfare enthusiast, vegetarian diets for cats and dogs are a really important question. Doing some rough calculations, an average cat that dies from old age will, if it eats primarily meat (as opposed to pet food filler), need nearly the equivalent of 1 cow or 150 chickens worth of food over its lifetime. That number will be even higher for most dogs, especially the large ones. If we care about all intelligent animals (dogs, sheep, and especially pigs are all ranked pretty highly, although I can’t find a particularly authoritative source – see this list and this list, for instance), then it doesn’t make sense to see a cat as worth the sacrifice and potential mistreatment of several pigs (i.e. smart piggies). But the conclusion that we should never keep carnivorous pets is an uncomfortable one, because it implies that the world would be better off if all cats and dogs were euthanized immediately (because that would save the lives of many more chickens, sheep, pigs, and cows). That’s why I think it’s important to investigate the possibility of vegetarian diets for cats and dogs, rather than rejecting it outright as mere ideology.
I’ve done a cursory search for information on healthy vegetarian diets for cats and dogs (i.e. not like the diet that almost killed a kitten in the article I linked to), but most of the webpages that came up struck me as biased, and I wasn’t sure their information could really be trusted. I did, however, find a Scientific American article that, while short, seems to present some information on both sides of the debate (and clarifies that dogs may take to a vegetarian diet more easily than cats). I particularly like its conclusion, which strikes me as pretty reasonable: “The best approach may well be to give some of the non-meat supplements and/or foods a try. If your cat won’t eat them, or does not do well on them—take kitty to a veterinarian for a check-up to see—you can always go back to what you were feeding her before”. To me, it makes sense to experiment with this option (I wish there was more rigorous research on it, but it’s mostly just un-sourced lists and snarky gif-sets), and if it doesn’t work out, I think the unfortunate conclusion is that herbivorous pets are a more ethical choice than carnivorous ones.
The Problem At-Large (I made a pun – “at-large” – get it?)
I think the question of cat/dog vegetarianism is the most interesting dilemma between animal-lovers and animal welfare enthusiasts, but I also want to quickly point out some broader applications. When people oppose the seal hunt or the controlled euthanization of charismatic animals (e.g. see this article) primarily because it seems wrong (e.g. the gut reaction of animal-lovers), rather than because it’s actually problematic (e.g. the critical analysis of an animal welfare enthusiast), it can confuse the issue unnecessarily. It makes more sense to care about animals because they are intelligent (i.e. because they can experience more profound suffering that we can relate to) rather than because they are cute or interesting – the article above, for instance, observes that probably no one would have objected to the killing of Marius the giraffe if he were an antelope or wild pig instead.
In the end, that gut reaction that animal-lovers feel is not a bad thing (I’m an animal-lover and I feel it too), since it can often be the initial basis for animal welfare enthusiasm. But it’s important to make sure we don’t let it overtake rational and critical analysis. If you are an animal-lover, I think it the most consistent course of action is to genuinely consider some of the arguments from animal welfare enthusiasts (e.g. many vegetarians/vegans), rather than finding a way to paint them as ‘extremists’ or ‘bad guys’ who are not animal-lovers at all.
—Garrett